Digital ID by country
Europe has one regulation but more than thirty identity systems. Estonia has had a chip ID card since 2002, Germany's online ID function went largely unused for a decade, and the Nordic countries run on bank-issued IDs. Each country page covers the national system, the state of the EU wallet rollout and the practical steps to get started.
33 pages
In this section
Digital ID in Austria: ID Austria and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Austria: ID Austria, the eAusweise app, how to register, and what is known about the EU wallet in autumn 2026.
Digital ID in Belgium: itsme, eID card and MyGov.be
How to prove who you are online in Belgium with itsme or the eID card, what MyGov.be does, and what is known about the EU wallet in October 2026.
Digital ID in Bulgaria: Evrotrust, eID card, EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Bulgaria: the Evrotrust eID, qualified signatures, the new chip ID card and where the EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Croatia: eOI, Certilia and e-Citizens
How to prove who you are online in Croatia with the eOI card, Certilia or mobile.ID and the e-Citizens system, plus the EU wallet outlook for October 2026.
Digital ID in Cyprus: IDMe.cy, Digital Citizen and EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Cyprus with the IDMe.cy national eID and the Digital Citizen app, and where the EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Czechia: Bank iD, eObčanka and eDoklady
How to prove who you are online in Czechia with Bank iD, the eObčanka ID card, mojeID and the eDoklady app, and where the EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Denmark: MitID and the AltID wallet
How to prove who you are online in Denmark with MitID, what the AltID wallet launched in June 2026 adds, and where EU certification stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Estonia: ID card, Mobile-ID, Smart-ID
How to prove who you are online in Estonia with the ID card, Mobile-ID and Smart-ID, how e-Residency fits in, and the EU wallet timeline as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Finland: bank IDs, Suomi.fi and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Finland: bank IDs, mobile certificate and ID card via Suomi.fi, eIDAS status and the EU wallet's progress in October 2026.
Digital ID in France: FranceConnect and France Identité
How to prove who you are online in France: FranceConnect, FranceConnect+, the France Identité app and the electronic ID card, plus the EU wallet in October 2026.
Digital ID in Germany: eID card, AusweisApp and wallet
How to prove who you are online in Germany: the eID function of the ID card, AusweisApp, PIN reset letter, Smart-eID and the German EU wallet due in January 2027.
Digital ID in Greece: Gov.gr Wallet and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Greece: Taxisnet credentials, the Gov.gr Wallet app and new chip ID cards, plus where the EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Hungary: Ügyfélkapu+, DÁP and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Hungary: the DÁP app, Ügyfélkapu+, the eID card and who can register, plus where the EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Iceland: Rafræn skilríki, island.is, EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Iceland: Rafræn skilríki from Auðkenni on SIM or app, island.is, the EEA link to the EU wallet and the state in October 2026.
Digital ID in Ireland: MyGovID, the PSC and the digital wallet
How to prove who you are online in Ireland: MyGovID, the Public Services Card, how verification works and where the Government Digital Wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Italy: SPID, CIE and the IT-Wallet
How to prove who you are online in Italy: SPID, the electronic ID card CIE and the IT-Wallet in the IO app, plus where the EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Latvia: eID card, eParaksts and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Latvia: the eID card, eParaksts mobile, Smart-ID and internet banking, plus where the Latvian EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Liechtenstein: eID.li and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Liechtenstein: the eID.li app, who can get it, how it relates to the EU wallet and the Swiss E-ID, as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Lithuania: ID card, Smart-ID and wallet
How to prove your identity online in Lithuania: chip ID card, Mobile Signature, Smart-ID, bank login, eIDAS status and EU wallet plans as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Luxembourg: eID card, LuxTrust, EU wallet
How to prove your identity online in Luxembourg: the eID card, LuxTrust, MyGuichet.lu, eIDAS high level and the GouvID-based EU wallet plans as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Malta: e-ID card, account and EU wallet
How to prove your identity online in Malta: the e-ID card and virtual account, Identità, eIDAS status and the EU wallet tender and timeline as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Norway: BankID, MinID and the EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Norway: BankID, MinID and ID-porten, how the EEA link to the EU wallet works and where the Norwegian wallet stands in 2026.
Digital ID in Poland: mObywatel, e-dowód, Profil Zaufany
How to prove your identity online in Poland: mObywatel app, Profil Zaufany, e-dowód ID card, eIDAS levels and the mObywatel Europa wallet in October 2026.
Digital ID in Portugal: Chave Móvel Digital explained
How to prove your identity online in Portugal: Chave Móvel Digital, Cartão de Cidadão, gov.pt app, eIDAS levels and EU wallet plans as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Romania: CEI card, ROeID and the RO Wallet
How to prove your identity online in Romania: the electronic identity card (CEI), the ROeID app, eIDAS status and the RO Wallet plans as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Slovakia: eID card, eIdentita, EU wallet
How to prove your identity online in Slovakia: chip ID card, eIdentita and eDoklady apps, slovensko.sk, eIDAS high and EU wallet plans, October 2026.
Digital ID in Slovenia: eOsebna, SI-PASS and EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Slovenia: the eOsebna ID card, SI-PASS login, smsPASS and where the Slovenian EU wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in Spain: Cl@ve, DNIe, MiDNI and EU wallet
How to prove who you are online in Spain: Cl@ve, the electronic DNI, the MiDNI app and the Cartera Digital, with the Spanish EU wallet status in October 2026.
Digital ID in Sweden: BankID, Freja+ and Sverige-ID
How to prove who you are online in Sweden: BankID, Freja+ and the Skatteverket ID card, plus the new state e-ID Sverige-ID from December 2026 and the EU wallet.
Digital ID in Switzerland: E-ID, swiyu, SwissID and AGOV
How to prove who you are online in Switzerland: AGOV and SwissID today, the state E-ID and swiyu wallet approved in 2025 but postponed, and the EU link in 2026.
Digital ID in the Netherlands: DigiD and the NL Wallet
How to prove who you are online in the Netherlands: DigiD and its app, eIDAS levels, banks and eHerkenning, plus where the NL Wallet stands in October 2026.
Digital ID in the UK: GOV.UK One Login and Wallet
How to prove who you are online in the UK: GOV.UK One Login, the GOV.UK Wallet, the trust framework and the cancelled national digital ID, as of October 2026.
Digital ID in Turkey: e-Devlet, chip ID card and EU link
How to prove who you are online in Türkiye: e-Devlet Kapısı, the chip ID card, mobile and e-signature logins and the relation to the EU wallet in October 2026.
Other sections
Digital identity in Europe
eIDAS 2.0, the EU Digital Identity Wallet, levels of assurance and qualified signatures, explained without the legal fog. What changes for citizens and for businesses.
Passkeys and login security
Passkeys, two-factor authentication, hardware keys and account recovery, explained step by step. How to make your accounts hard to take over without making them hard to use.
Reviews and comparisons
Independent comparisons of password managers, hardware security keys and authenticator apps, with a close look at where your data is stored and which providers are European.
Identity standards explained
OpenID Connect, OAuth 2.0, SAML, FIDO2/WebAuthn, OpenID4VP and verifiable credentials explained in plain language, with what each one is actually for.
History of open identity
From OpenID 1.0 and the European OpenID community of 2007 to OpenID Connect and the EU wallet: how the idea of a portable, user-controlled login developed.